@article{ref1,
title="The relationship between substance use, prior trauma history, and risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder in the immediate aftermath of civilian trauma",
journal="Journal of psychiatric research",
year="2021",
author="Gould, Felicia and Jones, Mackenzie T. and Harvey, Philip D. and Reidy, Lisa J. and Hodgins, Gabrielle and Michopoulos, Vasiliki and Maples-Keller, Jessica and Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov and Rothbaum, Alex O. and Ressler, Kerry J. and Nemeroff, Charles B.",
volume="144",
number="",
pages="345-352",
abstract="Many reports have documented the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use. Substance use is commonly comorbid with PTSD and is a risk factor for trauma exposure. The aim of this study was to prospectively examine how recent substance use, abuse, or dependence influenced the development of PTSD in the context of a prior trauma history, including child abuse, and the severity of initial trauma reactions. Participants (N = 81) were recruited and assessed at the emergency department of a large urban hospital in Miami and serum levels of common drugs of abuse were measured. Although substance use appeared to be a risk factor for trauma exposure, neither self-reported nor blood toxicology influenced the development of PTSD. Positive toxicology screens were more likely to be associated with a diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence, χ(2) (1) = 4.11, p = .04. Participants with a history of physical abuse were more likely to have a positive toxicology screen, χ(2) (1) = 4.03, p = .05. The majority of our trauma-exposed subjects (66%) were found to be positive for one or more illicit substances at presentation at the ED. The current findings provide support for the &quot;high risk&quot; hypothesis in which substance use is associated with increased trauma exposure.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3956",
doi="10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.025",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.025"
}