@article{ref1,
title="Extracellular vesicle-associated cytokines in sport-related concussion",
journal="Brain, behavior, and immunity",
year="2021",
author="Meier, Timothy and Guedes, Vivian A. and Smith, Ethan G. and Sass, Dilorom and Mithani, Sara and Vorn, Rany and Savitz, Jonathan and Kent Teague, T. and McCrea, Michael A. and Gill, Jessica M.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Growing evidence suggests that sport-related concussion results in a robust inflammatory response that can be measured in serum or plasma and is predictive of symptom recovery. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from serum or plasma have emerged as a promising source of biomarkers for neurological disorders like concussion because they may better reflect central immunological activity. However, the association of acute concussion with EV-associated cytokines has not yet been systematically studied in humans. We tested the hypothesis that EV-associated cytokines are elevated acutely and predictive of symptom duration following concussion in a cohort of high-school and collegiate football players. Players were enrolled and provided serum samples at a preseason baseline visit (N=857). An additional blood draw was obtained in players that subsequently suffered a concussion (N=23) within 6-hours post-injury and in matched, uninjured players (N=44). Concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor were measured in EV and EV-depleted serum samples. EV-associated IL-6 was significantly elevated post-injury relative to baseline levels and controls (ps<0.01). In EV-depleted samples, IL-1RA was significantly elevated post-injury relative to baseline levels and controls (ps<0.01). Time-to-event analyses showed that post-injury EV-associated IL-6 levels were positively associated with the number of days that injured athletes reported symptoms (p<0.05). These results highlight the potential of EV-associated cytokines as biomarkers of concussion.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0889-1591",
doi="10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.015"
}