@article{ref1,
title="Adverse childhood experiences and marijuana use during pregnancy: findings from the North Dakota and South Dakota PRAMS, 2017-2019",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2021",
author="Testa, Alexander and Jackson, Dylan B. and Boccio, Cashen and Ganson, Kyle T. and Nagata, Jason M.",
volume="230",
number="",
pages="e109197-e109197",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Emerging research suggests that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be a risk factor for prenatal marijuana use. This study is the first to use a representative sample from state surveillance systems to assess the connection between accumulating ACEs and marijuana use during pregnancy. <br><br>METHODS: Data are from the North Dakota and South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from years 2017-2019 (N = 5399). The bivariate association between number of ACEs and marijuana use during pregnancy is assessed using a chi-square test. The multivariable association is assessed using linear probability modeling. <br><br>RESULTS: Only 0.9% of women with zero ACEs reported marijuana use during pregnancy, compared to 11.7% of women with four or more ACEs. <br><br>FINDINGS from linear probability models showed that mothers reporting two ACEs (b =0.023, 95% CI =0.003,.043), three ACEs (b =0.042, 95% CI =0.014,.069), and four or more ACEs (b =0.053, 95% CI =0.035,.071) are more likely to report marijuana use during pregnancy relative to those with zero ACEs, net of demographic and socioeconomic control variables. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Accumulating maternal ACEs -especially four or more- is associated with increased likelihood of using marijuana during pregnancy. These findings demonstrate the early life trauma is a key social determinant of health over the life course and highlights how ACEs can contribute to intergenerational harm via the worsening of health behaviors during pregnancy.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109197",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109197"
}