@article{ref1,
title="Output of electronic muscle stimulators: physical therapy and police models compared",
journal="Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.",
year="2021",
author="Kroll, Mark W. and Perkins, Peter E. and Chiles, Bryan D. and Pratt, Hugh and Witte, Klaus K. and Luceri, Richard M. and Brave, Michael A. and Panescu, Dorin",
volume="2021",
number="",
pages="1264-1268",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: Both physical therapists and police officers use electrical muscle stimulation. The typical physical therapist unit is attached with adhesive patches while the police models use needle-based electrodes to penetrate clothing. There have been very few papers describing the outputs of these physical therapy EMS (electrical muscle stimulator) units. <br><br>METHODS: We purchased 6 TENS/EMS units at retail and tested them with loads of 500 Ω, 2 kΩ, and 10 kΩ. <br><br>RESULTS: For the typical impedance of 500 Ω, the EMS units delivered the most current followed by the electrical weapons; TENS units delivered the least current. At higher im-pedances (> 2 kΩ) the electrical weapons delivered more current than the EMS units, which is explained by the higher voltage-compliance of their circuits. Some multi channel EMS units deliver more calculated muscle stimula tion than the multi-channel weapons. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Present therapeutic electrical muscle stimula-tors can deliver more current than present law-enforcement muscle stimulators.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2375-7477",
doi="10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630233",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630233"
}