@article{ref1,
title="Upper-bound analysis of maximal lateral resistance for pipelines without embedment in sand",
journal="Journal of pipeline systems engineering and practice",
year="2017",
author="Wang, Le and Ding, Hongyan and Peng, Biyao and Liu, Run",
volume="8",
number="3",
pages="-",
abstract="Generally, pipelines in the deep ocean are laid without artificial embedded depth, but they penetrate into the sea floor under their own weight and the influence of the installation. Under this condition, pipelines easily experience lateral buckling. The pipe-soil interaction plays a critical role in the thermal buckling of a pipeline. In this study, a pipe segment with a 16-cm outer diameter and 1-m length is considered the object. Pipe-soil interaction model tests of lateral movement under different pipe segment weights within the scope of 0.05 to 0.65 kN/m are implemented in sand. The maximal lateral resistance, the trajectories of the pipe segment, and the large deformation behavior of the seabed are investigated. In the foundation of the test analysis, an upper-bound mechanism that consists of two isosceles triangles and a logarithmic spiral is proposed. The formula to calculate the maximal lateral resistance is proposed on the basis of the upper-bound mechanism. The maximal lateral resistance can be obtained by knowing only the pipe weight, the internal friction angle, and the density of sand. Compared with the existing calculation methods, the result of this paper is much closer to the real situations when the weight of a pipe segment is within the range of 0.15-0.45 kN/m.   Keywords: Pipeline transportation<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1949-1190",
doi="10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000263",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000263"
}