@article{ref1,
title="Coping with suicide in substance abusers",
journal="Suicide studies",
year="2020",
author="Lester, David",
volume="1",
number="1",
pages="84-86",
abstract="Substance abuse is sometimes viewed as a self-destructive, even suicidal behavior. For example, Karl Menninger (1938) called substance abuse chronic suicide, implying that it was a manifestation of the death instinct in which the individual kills himself over a drawn-out period of time. Others have argued that suicide and substance abuse may be expressions of the same underlying variable, perhaps a social variable such as social disorganization or an intrapsychic variable such as a self-destructive personality.   Whatever the theoretical relationship between suicide and substance abuse, substance abusers do have a higher incidence of suicidal behavior than non-abusers. Here too many causal chains can be proposed. Perhaps the psychological state that leads a person to contemplate and act-out suicidal ideas is similar to that which leads people to use alcohol and drugs? Or perhaps the use of alcohol and drugs disrupts a person's life to such an extent that suicide becomes a more viable option?....<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2771-3415",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}