@article{ref1,
title="Residual effects of zopiclone on driving performance using a standardized driving simulator among healthy volunteers",
journal="Psychopharmacology",
year="2022",
author="Iwamoto, Kunihiro and Iwata, Mari and Kambe, Daiji and Imadera, Yumiko and Tachibana, Naoki and Kajiyama, Yu and Ando, Masahiko and Ozaki, Norio",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="RATIONALE: The effects of hypnotics on automobile driving have been attracting increasing attention. However, few driving simulators (DSs) have been confirmed to have acceptable reliability and validity for assessing the next-day residual effects of zopiclone as a positive control on driving performance. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a new DS could permit detection of the next-day residual effects of zopiclone on driving performance. <br><br>METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 28 healthy males received zopiclone 7.5 mg at bedtime on days 1 and 8 and placebo on the other days over a period of 16 days. The participants took part in three driving tasks-road-tracking, car-following, and harsh-braking-using a DS on days 2 and 9 at 9-h post-dosing. Scores on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Profile of Mood States-Second Edition were then assessed, as was the serum concentration of zopiclone. <br><br>RESULTS: The estimated differences in the standard deviation of lateral position (cm) in the road-tracking task between the zopiclone and placebo groups on days 2 and 9 were 3.75 cm (90% confidence interval (CI): 1.71-5.79) and 4.07 cm (90% CI: 2.02-6.11), respectively. The estimated differences in the distance coefficient of variation in the car-following task and in the brake reaction time in the harsh-braking task between the zopiclone and placebo groups on day 2 were 4.31 (90% CI: 1.94-6.69) and 24.6 ms (90% CI: 12.7-36.4), respectively. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The DS used in this study has sufficient sensitivity to detect the next-day residual effects of zopiclone on driving performance.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-3158",
doi="10.1007/s00213-022-06075-y",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06075-y"
}