@article{ref1,
title="Beyond gaze fixation: modeling peripheral vision in relation to speed, Tesla Autopilot, cognitive load, and age in highway driving",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2022",
author="Yang, Shiyan and Wilson, Kyle and Roady, Trey and Kuo, Jonny and Lenné, Michael G.",
volume="171",
number="",
pages="e106670-e106670",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The study aims to model driver perception across the visual field in dynamic, real-world highway driving. <br><br>BACKGROUND: Peripheral vision acquires information across the visual field and guides a driver's information search. Studies in naturalistic settings are lacking however, with most research having been conducted in controlled simulation environments with limited eccentricities and driving dynamics. <br><br>METHODS: We analyzed data from 24 participants who drove a Tesla Model S with Autopilot on the highway. While driving, participants completed the peripheral detection task (PDT) using LEDs and the N-back task to generate cognitive load. The I-DT (identification by dispersion threshold) algorithm sampled naturalistic gaze fixations during PDTs to cover a broader and continuous spectrum of eccentricity. A generalized Bayesian regression model predicted LED detection probability during the PDT-as a surrogate for peripheral vision-in relation to eccentricity, vehicle speed, driving mode, cognitive load, and age. <br><br>RESULTS: The model predicted that LED detection probability was high and stable through near-peripheral vision but it declined rapidly beyond 20°-30° eccentricity, showing a narrower useful field over a broader visual field (maximum 70°) during highway driving. Reduced speed (while following another vehicle), cognitive load, and older age were the main factors that degraded the mid-peripheral vision (20°-50°), while using Autopilot had little effect. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Drivers can reliably detect objects through near-peripheral vision, but their peripheral detection degrades gradually due to further eccentricity, foveal demand during low-speed vehicle following, cognitive load, and age. APPLICATIONS: The findings encourage the development of further multivariate computational models to estimate peripheral vision and assess driver situation awareness for crash prevention.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2022.106670",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106670"
}