@article{ref1,
title="Injury among cavers: results of a preliminary national survey",
journal="Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness",
year="1999",
author="Sacks, Jeffrey J. and Knutson, R. S. and Ashford, D. A.",
volume="39",
number="1",
pages="71-73",
abstract="BACKGROUND: To estimate the frequency of and risk factors for caving-associated injuries. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire covering demographics, caving exposure, and injury history was distributed to all members of the National Speleological Society by inclusion in the monthly newsletter. RESULTS: Of 9,532 members sent a questionnaire, 301 responded (3.2%). Respondents had an average of 18 years of caving experience, and 37% had sustained one or more injuries while caving. Hypothermia was the most frequent injury, followed by fractures, animal bites, and concussions. The rate of injury was about 1 per 1,990 hours in a cave. Injury rates for females were about twice those of males; older persons and those with more than 5 years of caving experience seemed to have lower injury rates. CONCLUSIONS: Many caving injuries appear potentially preventable. Proper technique for safe climbing should be a part of exploration training. There is a need for proper belaying or rappelling for even short ascents or descents. Helmet use should be stressed, as should adequate protection from hypothermia.",
language="",
issn="0022-4707",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}