@article{ref1,
title="Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents",
journal="Addiction research and theory",
year="2021",
author="Tian, Yu and Qin, Ningbo and Cao, Sheng and Gao, Fengqiang",
volume="29",
number="2",
pages="98-110",
abstract="Background The present study aimed to test reciprocal longitudinal associations among shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression, and Internet addiction.<br><br>METHOD A total of 1047 junior middle school students participated in the study. Shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction were assessed at two time-points separated by 12-months. Structural equation modeling was used to test for reciprocal longitudinal associations.<br><br>RESULTS Cross-lagged analysis revealed that (i) baseline shyness significantly and positively predicted Internet addiction 12 months later; (ii) baseline Internet addiction positively predicted later self-esteem; (iii) baseline loneliness positively predicted later Internet addiction, and baseline Internet addiction also positively predicted later loneliness; (iv) and, finally, baseline depression positively predicted later Internet addiction, and baseline Internet addiction also positively predicted later depression. No other lagged effects were significant.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that shyness is an antecedent to Internet addiction, whereas self-esteem is the outcome of Internet addiction. <br><br>RESULTS also suggest loneliness and depression are antecedents to Internet addiction.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1606-6359",
doi="10.1080/16066359.2020.1755657",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2020.1755657"
}