@article{ref1,
title="Living near greenness is associated with higher bone strength: a large cross-sectional epidemiological study in China",
journal="Science of the total environment",
year="2022",
author="Jiang, Ye and Zhuo, Bai Ma Kang and Guo, Bing and Zeng, Pei-Bin and Guo, Yu-Ming and Chen, Gong-Bo and Wei, Jing and He, Rui-Feng and Li, Zhi-Feng and Zhang, Xue-Hui and Wang, Zi-Yun and Li, Xuan and Wang, Lei and Zeng, Chun-Mei and Chen, Lin and Xiao, Xiong and Zhao, Xing",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Living near green spaces may benefit various health outcomes. However, no studies have investigated the greenness-bone linkage in the general population. Moreover, to which extent ambient air pollution (AAP), physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI) mediate this relationship remains unclear. We aimed to explore the association between greenness and bone strength and the potential mediating roles of AAP, PA, and BMI in Chinese adults. <br><br>METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis enrolled 66,053 adults from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort in 2018-2019. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were employed to define residential greenness. The calcaneus quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) was used to indicate bone strength. Multiple linear regression models and mediation analyses were used to estimate the residential greenness-bone strength association and potential pathways operating through AAP (represented by PM(2.5) [particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter]), PA, and BMI. Stratification analyses were performed to identify susceptible populations. <br><br>RESULTS: Higher residential exposure to greenness was significantly associated with an increase in QUI, with changes (95% confidence interval) of 3.28 (3.05, 3.50), 3.57 (3.34, 3.80), 2.68 (2.46, 2.90), and 2.93 (2.71, 3.15) for every interquartile range increase in NDVI(500m), NDVI(1000m), EVI(500m), and EVI(1000m), respectively. Sex, urbanicity, annual family income, smoking, and drinking significantly modified the association of greenness-bone strength, with more remarkable associations in males, urban residents, subjects from wealthier families, smokers, and drinkers. For the NDVI(500m)/EVI(500m)-QUI relationship, the positive mediating roles of PM(2.5) and PA were 6.70%/8.50 and 2.43%/2.69%, respectively, whereas those negative for BMI and PA-BMI were 0.88%/1.06% and 0.05%/0.05%, respectively. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Living in a greener area may predict higher bone strength, particularly among males, urban residents, wealthier people, smokers, and drinkers. AAP, PA, BMI, and other factors may partially mediate the positive association. Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing greenness planning and management policies.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0048-9697",
doi="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155393",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155393"
}