@article{ref1,
title="Evaluation of pedestrian navigation in Smart Cities",
journal="Environment and planning. B, urban analytics and city science",
year="2021",
author="Stähli, Lisa and Giannopoulos, Ioannis and Raubal, Martin",
volume="48",
number="6",
pages="1728-1745",
abstract="This work addresses recent research in the area of pedestrian navigation aids that aims at finding alternatives to the widely used map-based turn-by-turn navigation systems in the context of Smart City environments. Four different approaches of pedestrian navigation systems were compared to each other in a user experiment that was conducted in a virtual environment: (1) map-based, (2) landmark-based, (3) augmented reality, and (4) public display navigation. The results of the experiment with 45 participants conducted in a virtual environment suggest that the augmented reality navigation performs best concerning efficiency and effectiveness and the landmark-based navigation performs worst in the context of Smart Cities.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2399-8083",
doi="10.1177/2399808320949538",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808320949538"
}