@article{ref1,
title="Printed and flexible ecg electrodes attached to the steering wheel for continuous health monitoring during driving",
journal="Sensors (Basel)",
year="2022",
author="Warnecke, Joana M. and Ganapathy, Nagarajan and Koch, Eugen and Dietzel, Andreas and Flormann, Maximilian and Henze, Roman and Deserno, Thomas M.",
volume="22",
number="11",
pages="e4198-e4198",
abstract="Continuous health monitoring in a vehicle enables the earlier detection of symptoms of cardiovascular diseases. In this work, we designed flexible and thin electrodes made of polyurethane for long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring while driving. We determined the time for reliable ECG recording to evaluate the effectiveness of the electrodes. We recorded data from 19 subjects under four scenarios: rest, city, highway, and rural. The recording time was five min for rest and 15 min for the other scenarios. The total recording (950 min) is publicly available under a CC BY-ND 4.0 license. We used the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) algorithm to detect the position of R-waves. Then, we derived the RR intervals to compare the estimated heart rate with the ground truth, which we obtained from ECG electrodes on the chest. We calculated the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and averaged it for the different scenarios. Highway had the lowest SNR (-6.69 dB) and rural had the highest (-6.80 dB). The usable time of the steering wheel was 42.46% (city), 46.67% (highway), and 47.72% (rural). This indicates that steering-wheel-based ECG recording is feasible and delivers reliable recordings from about 45.62% of the driving time. In summary, the developed electrodes allow continuous in-vehicle heart rate monitoring, and our publicly available recordings provide the opportunity to apply more sophisticated data analytics.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1424-8220",
doi="10.3390/s22114198",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114198"
}