@article{ref1,
title="Effects of bystander sexual assault prevention programs on promoting intervention skills and combatting the bystander effect: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
journal="Journal of experimental criminology",
year="2021",
author="Kettrey, Heather Hensman and Marx, Robert A.",
volume="17",
number="3",
pages="343-367",
abstract="OBJECTIVE  Bystander sexual assault prevention programs encourage individuals to intervene when witnessing incidents or warning signs of violence. According to a popular skill acquisition model, witnesses to sexual assault must demonstrate the following to intervene: (1) notice the event, (2) identify the situation as warranting intervention, (3) take responsibility for acting, and (4) know strategies for helping.   Methods  This systematic review and meta-analysis examined effects of bystander programs on the aforementioned skills and actual intervention behavior among adolescents and college students.   Results  Robust variance estimation meta-analysis using a sample of 19 studies (N = 7920) revealed significant effects on identifying situations as warranting intervention and non-significant effects on noticing events, taking responsibility for acting, and knowing strategies for helping. Programs had a significant favorable effect on intervention behavior.   Conclusions  Findings cast uncertainty around the proposed relationship between skills and intervention behavior. Future research should explore this relationship through causal modeling.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1573-3750",
doi="10.1007/s11292-020-09417-y",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09417-y"
}