@article{ref1,
title="The effects of the Summer All Out Foot Patrol Initiative in New York City: a difference-in-differences approach [including corrections to tables]",
journal="Journal of experimental criminology",
year="2022",
author="Bilach, Thomas J. and Roche, Sean Patrick and Wawro, Gregory J.",
volume="18",
number="2",
pages="209-244",
abstract="OBJECTIVE  The New York City Police Department's &quot;Summer All Out&quot; (SAO) initiative was a 90-day, presence-based foot patrol program in a subset of the city's patrol jurisdictions.   Methods  We assessed the effectiveness of SAO initiative in reducing crime and gun violence using a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach.   Results  Results indicate the SAO initiative was only associated with significant reductions in specific property offenses, not violent crime rates. Foot patrols did not have a strong, isolating impact on violent street crime in 2014 or 2015. Deployments on foot across expansive geographies also have a weak, negligible influence on open-air shootings.   Conclusions  The findings suggest saturating jurisdictions with high-visibility foot patrols has little influence on street-level offending, with no anticipatory or persistent effects. Police departments should exercise caution in deploying foot patrols over large patrol jurisdictions.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1573-3750",
doi="10.1007/s11292-020-09445-8",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09445-8"
}