@article{ref1,
title="Analysis of upper cervical spine measurements in the uninjured pediatric spine",
journal="International journal of spine surgery",
year="2022",
author="Baker, Joseph F.",
volume="16",
number="3",
pages="458-464",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Only a small number of studies have offered normative data for the upper cervical spine in children and with some variation in findings. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine normal values for upper cervical spine measurements used in the assessment of upper cervical spine trauma in the pediatric population. <br><br>METHODS: One-hundred computed tomographic images of the cervical spine of children aged ≤16 years were included for analysis. All children were cleared of spinal injury. Anterior atlanto-dens interval (ADI), posterior atlanto-dens interval (PADI), basion-dens interval (BDI), Powers ratio, condylar-C1 interval (CCI), and lateral mass interval (LMI) were measured on the relevant sagittal or coronal images. Measurements for CCI and LMI were taken on each side. <br><br>RESULTS: Mean age was 111 months (range 11-196 months). Sixty-two were male. Mean values (and ranges) of the measurements were as follows: BDI: 7.1 mm (3.6-12.2); ADI 2.8 mm (0.8-4.8); PADI 18.7 mm (14.1-23.2); Powers ratio 0.72 (0.59-1.0); CCI 2.0 and 2.0 (0.5-4.2); and LMI 3.2 and 3.3 mm (1.7-4.8). BDI (r = -0.488), ADI (r = -0.201), PADI (r = 0.264), and CCI (r = -0.468 and -0.454) all showed significant correlation with age. The Powers ratio was the most stable measurement across all age groups. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Normal values were reported from a local pediatric population with a wide age range. Most values correlate with age to a degree, and so normal values may vary throughout childhood. A multicenter study is desirable to advance knowledge in this field.   CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Current radiographic measures used to assess for possible ligamentous injury in the pediatric upper cervical spine correlate with age. Caution must be held when analyzing the upper cervical spine across a range of age groups in children.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2211-4599",
doi="10.14444/8248",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.14444/8248"
}