@article{ref1,
title="Training and safety: potentially lethal blue-on-blue encounters",
journal="Police practice and research",
year="2021",
author="O'Neill, Dawn A. and Spence, William R. and Lewinski, William J. and Novak, Emily J.",
volume="22",
number="2",
pages="1209-1228",
abstract="Potentially lethal blue-on-blue (i.e. officer-on-officer) encounters result in the use-of-force against an unidentified officer, such as an off-duty or undercover officer (OD/UC), and have not been empirically investigated. A vignette involving an ambiguous situation involving a plainclothes individual with a gun and 6-item survey were used to determine (a) how officers would respond to ensure the safety of those on scene and (b) how well responses from participants with blue-on-blue training or lived experience adhered to recommendations from the New York Task Force on Police-on-Police Shootings. A secondary aim was to investigate near misses (i.e. almost using force against a fellow officer in the field). In the vignette, a uniformed officer arrives at a scene where one plainclothes individual is holding another plainclothes individual at gunpoint. Thematic analysis revealed variables perceived to maximize safety. Less than half of the sample received blue-on-blue training, and exposure to training was not significantly related to previous recommendations. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1561-4263",
doi="10.1080/15614263.2019.1617143",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2019.1617143"
}