@article{ref1,
title="Cranial fractures associated with facial fractures: A review of mechanism, type, and severity of injury",
journal="Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",
year="1994",
author="Haug, R. H. and Adams, J. M. and Conforti, P. J. and Likavec, M. J.",
volume="52",
number="7",
pages="729-733",
abstract="A 100-month retrospective review was undertaken to identify the population characteristics of patients with both facial and cranial fractures and to establish the relationships between them. A 4.4% incidence of cranial fractures was found in the 882 patients with facial fractures. These patients tended to be males (85%) between the ages of 16 and 30 years (54%) who were involved in motor vehicle accidents (64%). Patients with midfacial fractures predominated (70%), and these injuries were most frequently associated with fractures of the frontal (38%), sphenoid (24%), or temporal (22%) bones. No relationship was noted between mandibular fractures and cranial fractures. Midfacial fractures were related to individual cranial bone fractures by sutural attachment. The presence of cranial fractures did not play a role in the development of complications associated with facial fractures.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0278-2391",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}