@article{ref1,
title="The effect of different degrees of lockdown and self-identified gender on anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 pandemic: data from the international COMET-G study",
journal="Psychiatry research",
year="2022",
author="Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. and Karakatsoulis, Grigorios N. and Abraham, Seri and Adorjan, Kristina and Ahmed, Helal Uddin and Alarcón, Renato D. and Arai, Kiyomi and Auwal, Sani Salihu and Berk, Michael and Bjedov, Sarah and Bobes, Julio and Bobes-Bascaran, Teresa and Bourgin-Duchesnay, Julie and Bredicean, Cristina Ana and Bukelskis, Laurynas and Burkadze, Akaki and Abud, Indira Indiana Cabrera and Castilla-Puentes, Ruby and Cetkovich, Marcelo and Colon-Rivera, Hector and Corral, Ricardo and Cortez-Vergara, Carla and Crepin, Piirika and De Berardis, Domenico and Delgado, Sergio Zamora and De Lucena, David and De Sousa, Avinash and Stefano, Ramona Di and Dodd, Seetal and Elek, Livia Priyanka and Elissa, Anna and Erdelyi-Hamza, Berta and Erzin, Gamze and Etchevers, Martin J. and Falkai, Peter and Farcas, Adriana and Fedotov, Ilya and Filatova, Viktoriia and Fountoulakis, Nikolaos K. and Frankova, Iryna and Franza, Francesco and Frias, Pedro and Galako, Tatiana and Garay, Cristian J. and García-Alvarez, Leticia and García-Portilla, María Paz and Gonda, Xenia and Gondek, Tomasz M. and González, Daniela Morera and Gould, Hilary and Grandinetti, Paolo and Grau, Arturo and Groudeva, Violeta and Hagin, Michal and Harada, Takayuki and Hasan, Tasdik M. and Hashim, Nurul Azreen and Hilbig, Jan and Hossain, Sahadat and Iakimova, Rossitza and Ibrahim, Mona and Iftene, Felicia and Ignatenko, Yulia and Irarrázaval, Matías and Ismail, Zaliha and Ismayilova, Jamila and Jacobs, Asaf and Jakovljević, Miro and Jakšić, Nenad and Javed, Afzal and Kafali, Helin Yilmaz and Karia, Sagar and Kazakova, Olga and Khalifa, Doaa and Khaustova, Olena and Koh, Steve and Kopishinskaia, Svetlana and Kosenko, Korneliia and Koupidis, Sotirios A. and Kovacs, Illes and Kulig, Barbara and Lalljee, Alisha and Liewig, Justine and Majid, Abdul and Malashonkova, Evgeniia and Malik, Khamelia and Malik, Najma Iqbal and Mammadzada, Gulay and Mandalia, Bilvesh and Marazziti, Donatella and Marcinko, Darko and Martinez, Stephanie and Matiekus, Eimantas and Mejia, Gabriela and Memon, Roha Saeed and Martínez, Xarah Elenne Meza and Mickevičiūtė, Dalia and Milev, Roumen and Mohammed, Muftau and Molina-Lopez, Alejandro and Morozov, Petr and Muhammad, Nuru Suleiman and Mustač, Filip and Naor, Mika S. and Nassieb, Amira and Navickas, Alvydas and Okasha, Tarek and Pandova, Milena and Panfil, Anca-Livia and Panteleeva, Liliya and Papava, Ion and Patsali, Mikaella E. and Pavlichenko, Alexey and Pejuskovic, Bojana and da Costa, Mariana Pinto and Popkov, Mikhail and Popovic, Dina and Raduan, Nor Jannah Nasution and Ramírez, Francisca Vargas and Rancāns, Elmars and Razali, Salmi and Rebok, Federico and Rewekant, Anna and Flores, Elena Ninoska Reyes and Rivera-Encinas, María Teresa and Saiz, Pilar and de Carmona, Manuel Sánchez and Martínez, David Saucedo and Saw, Jo Anne and Saygili, Görkem and Schneidereit, Patricia and Shah, Bhumika and Shirasaka, Tomohiro and Silagadze, Ketevan and Sitanggang, Satti and Skugarevsky, Oleg and Spikina, Anna and Mahalingappa, Sridevi Sira and Stoyanova, Maria and Szczegielniak, Anna and Tamasan, Simona Claudia and Tavormina, Giuseppe and Tavormina, Maurilio Giuseppe Maria and Theodorakis, Pavlos N. and Tohen, Mauricio and Tsapakis, Eva Maria and Tukhvatullina, Dina and Ullah, Irfan and Vaidya, Ratnaraj and Vega-Dienstmaier, Johann M. and Vrublevska, Jelena and Vuković, Olivera and Vysotska, Olga and Widiasih, Natalia and Yashikhina, Anna and Prezerakos, Panagiotis E. and Smirnova, Daria",
volume="315",
number="",
pages="e114702-e114702",
abstract="Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic various degrees of lockdown were applied by countries around the world. It is considered that such measures have an adverse effect on mental health but the relationship of measure intensity with the mental health effect has not been thoroughly studied. Here we report data from the larger COMET-G study pertaining to this question.   Material and Methods During the COVID-19 pandemic, data were gathered with an online questionnaire from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Anxiety was measured with the STAI, depression with the CES-D and suicidality with the RASS. Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively.  Statistical Analysis It included the calculation of Relative Risk (RR), Factorial ANOVA and Multiple backwards stepwise linear regression analysis  Results Approximately two-thirds were currently living under significant restrictions due to lockdown. For both males and females the risk to develop clinical depression correlated significantly with each and every level of increasing lockdown degree (RR 1.72 and 1.90 respectively). The combined lockdown and psychiatric history increased RR to 6.88 The overall relationship of lockdown with severity of depression, though significant was small.   Conclusions The current study is the first which reports an almost linear relationship between lockdown degree and effect in mental health. Our findings, support previous suggestions concerning the need for a proactive targeted intervention to protect mental health more specifically in vulnerable groups<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-1781",
doi="10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114702",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114702"
}