@article{ref1,
title="Impact of adverse childhood experience on physical and mental health: a life-course epidemiology perspective",
journal="Psychiatry and the Clinical Neurosciences",
year="2022",
author="Fujiwara, Takeo",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to have long-term effects on physical and mental health, not only in the US, but also other countries, including Japan. In this paper, measurement issue to assess ACEs has been discussed, that is, concept (what is ACEs), inquiry (how to ask ACEs), scoring (how to count the number of ACEs), and prevalence (how many ACEs do we have). In addition, the possible mechanism on how ACEs affect health was summarized from a life-course perspective, using the critical/sensitive period model, pathway model, and cumulative model with recent evidence on neurological findings. Intergenerational transmission, that is, maternal ACEs affect the health of the offspring was also reviewed. Finally, the future direction on how to prevent and remedy the impact of ACEs on health was discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1323-1316",
doi="10.1111/pcn.13464",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13464"
}