@article{ref1,
title="Development and validation of an active muscle simplified finite element human body model in a standing posture",
journal="Annals of biomedical engineering",
year="2022",
author="Lalwala, Mitesh and Devane, Karan S. and Koya, Bharath and Vu, Linh Q. and Dolick, Kevin and Yates, Keegan M. and Newby, Nathaniel J. and Somers, Jeffrey T. and Gayzik, F. Scott and Stitzel, Joel D. and Weaver, Ashley A.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Active muscles play an important role in postural stabilization, and muscle-induced joint stiffening can alter the kinematic response of the human body, particularly that of the lower extremities, under dynamic loading conditions. There are few full-body human body finite element models with active muscles in a standing posture. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop and validate the M50-PS+Active model, an average-male simplified human body model in a standing posture with active musculature. The M50-PS+Active model was developed by incorporating 116 skeletal muscles, as one-dimensional beam elements with a Hill-type material model and closed-loop Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller muscle activation strategy, into the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) simplified pedestrian model M50-PS. The M50-PS+Active model was first validated in a gravity standing test, showing the effectiveness of the active muscles in maintaining a standing posture under gravitational loading. The knee kinematics of the model were compared against volunteer kinematics in unsuited and suited step-down tests from NASA's active response gravity offload system (ARGOS) laboratory. The M50-PS+Active model showed good biofidelity with volunteer kinematics with an overall CORA score of 0.80, as compared to 0.64 (fair) in the passive M50-PS model. The M50-PS+Active model will serve as a useful tool to study the biomechanics of the human body in vehicle-pedestrian accidents, public transportation braking, and space missions piloted in a standing posture.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0090-6964",
doi="10.1007/s10439-022-03077-x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-022-03077-x"
}