@article{ref1,
title="Multicompartmental traumatic injury and the microbiome: shift to a pathobiome",
journal="Journal of trauma and acute care surgery",
year="2022",
author="Munley, Jennifer A. and Kelly, Lauren S. and Pons, Erick E. and Kannan, Kolenkode B. and Coldwell, Preston S. and Whitley, Elizabeth M. and Gillies, Gwendolyn S. and Efron, Philip A. and Nagpal, Ravinder and Mohr, Alicia M.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Previous animal models have demonstrated altered gut microbiome after mild traumatic injury; however, the impact of injury severity and critical illness is unknown. We hypothesized that a rodent model of severe multicompartmental injuries and chronic stress would demonstrate microbiome alterations toward a &quot;pathobiome&quot; characterized by an overabundance of pathogenic organisms which would persist one week after injury. <br><br>METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8/group) were subjected to either polytrauma (PT) (lung contusion, hemorrhagic shock, cecectomy, and bifemoral pseudofractures), PT plus 2-hours daily chronic restraint stress (PT/CS), or naïve controls. Fecal microbiome was measured on days 0, 3, and 7 using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and QIIME2 bioinformatics analysis. Microbial alpha-diversity was assessed using Chao1 and Shannon indices and beta-diversity with principle coordinate analysis. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by plasma occludin; ileum and descending colon tissues were reviewed for injury. Analyses were performed in GraphPad and R, with significance defined as p < 0.05. <br><br>RESULTS: There were significant alterations in beta-diversity at day 3 and between all groups. By day 3, both PT and PT/CS demonstrated significantly depleted bacterial diversity (Chao1) (p = 0.01, p = 0.001 respectively) versus naïve, which persisted up to day 7 in PT/CS only (p = 0.001). Anaerostipes and Rothia dominated PT and Lactobacillus bloomed in PT/CS cohorts by day 7. Plasma occludin was significantly elevated in PT/CS compared to naïve (p = 0.04) and descending colon of both PT and PT/CS showed significantly higher injury compared to naïve (p = 0.005, p = 0.006). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Polytrauma with and without chronic stress induces significant alterations in microbiome diversity and composition within three days; these changes are more prominent and persist for one-week post-injury with stress. This rapid and persistent transition to a &quot;pathobiome&quot; phenotype represents a critical phenomenon that may influence outcomes after severe trauma and critical illness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable - basic science.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2163-0755",
doi="10.1097/TA.0000000000003803",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000003803"
}