@article{ref1,
title="A longitudinal study of protective factors against substance use in early adolescence. an ecological approach",
journal="International journal on drug policy",
year="2023",
author="Rodríguez-Ruiz, Joaquín and Zych, Izabela and Llorent, Vicente J. and Marín-López, Inmaculada and Espejo-Siles, Raquel and Nasaescu, Elena",
volume="112",
number="",
pages="e103946-e103946",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Adolescent substance use has been widely related to different individual, school, family and community factors. Yet, the number of studies with all these variables together in a model from an ecological perspective is still low, and they rarely used a longitudinal design. The aim of this study was to explore, from an ecological perspective, the prospective impact of different individual, school, family and neighbourhood factors on adolescent substance use. <br><br>METHODS: This was a longitudinal study with a one-year follow up. There were 881 participants (M(age) = 12.57; 48.1% females) at wave 1, of which 686 (M(age) = 13.51; 51.8% females) were followed-up at wave 2. Validated questionnaires were used for data collection. <br><br>RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that higher substance use was predicted by high family socio-economic status cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and it was related to low neighbourhood socio-economic status cross-sectionally only. Participants who disliked school and had a poor academic performance were more likely to use substances, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of families in substance use prevention programmes could be a key component in these interventions. Moreover, promotion of a positive school climate could protect adolescents from using substances.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0955-3959",
doi="10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103946",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103946"
}