@article{ref1,
title="Acoustic cues increase situational awareness in accident situations: a VR car-driving study",
journal="IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems",
year="2022",
author="Ju, Uijong and Chuang, Lewis L. and Wallraven, Christian",
volume="23",
number="4",
pages="3281-3291",
abstract="Our work for the first time evaluates the effectiveness of visual and acoustic warning systems in an accident situation using a realistic, immersive driving simulation. In a first experiment, 70 participants were trained to complete a course at high speed. The course contained several forks where a wrong turn would lead to the car falling off a cliff and crashing - these forks were indicated either with a visual warning sign for a first, no-sound group or with a visual and auditory warning cue for a second, sound group. In a testing phase, right after the warning signals were given, trees suddenly fell on the road, leaving the (fatal) turn open. Importantly, in the no-sound group, 18 out of 35 people still chose this turn, whereas in the sound group only 5 out of 35 people did so - the added sound therefore had a large and significant increase in situational awareness. We found no other differences between the groups concerning age, physiological responses, or driving experience. In a second replication experiment, the setup was repeated with another 70 participants without emphasis on driving speed. <br><br>RESULTS fully confirmed the previous findings with 17 out of 35 people in the no-sound group versus only 6 out of 35 in the sound group choosing the turn to the cliff. With these two experiments using a one-shot design to avoid pre-meditation and testing naïve, rapid decision-making, we provide clear evidence for the advantage of visual-auditory in-vehicle warning systems for promoting situational awareness.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1524-9050",
doi="10.1109/TITS.2020.3035374",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3035374"
}