@article{ref1,
title="Tracking changes in the endorsement of injunctive drinking norms in response to the COVID-19 pandemic using longitudinal alignment analysis",
journal="Assessment",
year="2023",
author="Wickham, Robert E. and Steers, Mai-Ly N. and Ward, Rose Marie and Liu-Pham, Ryan",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="The onset of the pandemic saw shifts in messaging around the acceptability of alcohol consumption at different times and contexts. A psychometric analysis of responses to injunctive norms may reveal important differences in specific aspects of norms that were influenced by the pandemic. Study 1 used alignment analysis to evaluate measurement invariance in low- and high-risk injunctive norms across samples of Midwestern college students from 2019 to 2021. Study 2 used an alignment-within-confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach to replicate the solution from Study 1 in an independent longitudinal sample (N = 1,148) who responded between 2019 and 2021. For Study 1, the latent mean for high-risk norms was significantly higher in 2021, and the endorsement of four specific norms also differed. In Study 2, increases in latent means for low- and high-risk norms were observed across 2020 and 2021, and differential endorsement emerged for one high-risk norm item. Examining scale-level changes in injunctive drinking norms provides insight into how college students' perceptions changed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1073-1911",
doi="10.1177/10731911231158622",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10731911231158622"
}