@article{ref1,
title="Identifying unique symptom groups following mild traumatic brain injury using the neurobehavioral symptom inventory and PTSD Checklist-5 in military personnel: a bifactor analysis",
journal="Journal of head trauma rehabilitation",
year="2023",
author="Agtarap, Stephanie and Hungerford, Lars D. and Ettenhofer, Mark L.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To identify both shared and unique groups of posttraumatic stress and postconcussive symptoms using bifactor analysis. SETTING: Two large military outpatient traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation clinics in the Southwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 1476 Active Duty Service Members seeking treatment for a mild TBI sustained more than 30 days previously, without history of moderate or severe TBI, who completed measures of postconcussive and posttraumatic stress symptoms assessed at clinic intake. <br><br>DESIGN: Observational, correlational study with data taken from an institutional review board-approved clinical registry study. MAIN MEASURES: Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-V) (PCL-5). Concurrent measures were Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). <br><br>RESULTS: Results identified a bifactor model demonstrating unique posttraumatic stress, depressive, cognitive, and neurological/somatic symptom groups that were still evident after accounting for a universal factor representing general distress. These symptom groups were differentially related to concurrently measured clinical outcomes. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Use of a bifactor structure may help derive clinically useful signals from self-reported symptoms among Active Duty Service Members seeking outpatient treatment for mild TBI.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0885-9701",
doi="10.1097/HTR.0000000000000854",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000854"
}