@article{ref1,
title="Long-term safety evaluation of the primary seat-belt law",
journal="Journal of transportation safety and security",
year="2022",
author="Lee, Jaeyoung and Lian, Yanqi and Abdel-Aty, Mohamed and Mao, Suyi and Cai, Qing",
volume="14",
number="11",
pages="1976-1996",
abstract="Many states in the United States have passed the primary enforcement seat-belt law. Though there is strong evidence from previous studies that enhanced seat-belt enforcement interventions can substantially increase seat-belt use, thereby reducing fatalities. It is still necessary to evaluate the long-term effects of implementing the primary seat-belt law. In this study, changes in fatalities over time after the primary seat-belt law enactment are investigated using before-and-after study with the comparison group methods for fatality modification factors (FMFs). This study confirms that the number of adult fatalities without seat-belt has significantly decreased by 17.29%. Another key finding is that the fatality rates in states with a higher maximum fine amount are significantly lower than those with a lower one, however, the decrease in fatality trend is not as effective above about $100 fine. Implementing the primary seat-belt law is significantly effective in reducing fatalities without seat-belt in the long-term. Meanwhile, the relationship between fatalities reduction and the maximum fine amount is not positively linear related. It is imperative that states with the secondary seat-belt laws must reform their seat-belt laws to the primary seat-belt law. An appropriate fine amount can be determined to maximize the effectiveness of the primary seat-belt law.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1943-9962",
doi="10.1080/19439962.2022.2033901",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2022.2033901"
}