@article{ref1,
title="Childhood predictors of self-harm, externalised violence and transitioning to dual harm in a cohort of adolescents and young adults",
journal="Psychological medicine",
year="2023",
author="Steeg, Sarah and Farooq, Bushra and Taylor, Peter and Shafti, Matina and Mars, Becky and Kapur, Nav and Webb, Roger T.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The aetiology of dual harm (co-occurring self-harm and violence towards others) is poorly understood because most studies have investigated self-harm and violence separately. We aimed to examine childhood risk factors for self-harm, violence, and dual harm, including the transition from engaging in single harm to dual harm. <br><br>METHODS: Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK-based birth cohort study, were used to estimate prevalence of self-reported engagement in self-harm, violence, and dual harm at ages 16 and 22 years. Risk ratios were calculated to indicate associations across various self-reported childhood risk factors and risks of single and dual harm, including the transition from single harm at age 16 years to dual harm at age 22. <br><br>RESULTS: At age 16 years, 18.1% of the 4176 cohort members had harmed themselves, 21.1% had engaged in violence towards others and 3.7% reported dual harm. At age 22 the equivalent prevalence estimates increased to 24.2, 25.8 and 6.8%, respectively. Depression and other mental health difficulties, drug and alcohol use, witnessing self-harm and being a victim of, or witnessing, violence were associated with higher risks of transitioning from self-harm or violence at age 16 to dual harm by age 22. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of dual harm doubled from age 16 to 22 years, highlighting the importance of early identification and intervention during this high-risk period. Several childhood psychosocial risk factors associated specifically with dual harm at age 16 and with the transition to dual harm by age 22 have been identified.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-2917",
doi="10.1017/S0033291723000557",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723000557"
}