@article{ref1,
title="Development and validation of the C-SHADE Scale for measuring perpetration of common sexually harassing and aggressive behaviors in drinking environments",
journal="Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research",
year="2023",
author="Graham, Kathryn and Bernards, Sharon and Abbey, Antonia and Senn, Charlene and Dumas, Tara M. and Trudell, AnnaLise and Donnelly, Peter D. and Wells, Samantha",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Sexual aggression (SA) is ubiquitous in drinking environments, often seen as normal and acceptable; yet, targets of SA experience many negative consequences. This research aimed to develop a valid measure of common acts of SA in drinking settings for estimating prevalence and evaluating prevention initiatives. <br><br>METHODS: We developed a questionnaire measure of common acts of sexual harassment and aggression in drinking environments (C-SHADE) based on descriptions of SA behavior from our own and others' research. The measure was validated in a cross-sectional survey of 335 men aged 19-25 using webpanels from an online survey company. Validation measures included: a modified version of the Sexual Experiences Survey (M-SES), measures of SA by peers in drinking environments, SA-related attitudes, expectancies about sexual effects of alcohol, and alcohol consumption. <br><br>RESULTS: The C-SHADE showed high internal consistency (alpha =.96) and was significantly correlated with M-SES (r =.52), SA by peers (r =.61 to.70), SA-related attitudes/expectations (r =.38 to.55), and measures of alcohol consumption (r =.22 to.36). Overall, 71.9% participants reported SA using the C-SHADE versus 24.7% with the M-SES. We compared the responses of participants who reported perpetration on both measures (N = 83), only the C-SHADE (N = 141), and non-perpetrators (N = 89) (excluding 4 participants who reported perpetration only on the M-SES). The M-SES/C-SHADE perpetrators scored significantly higher than C-SHADE-only perpetrators and non-perpetrators on most SA-related and drinking measures, while C-SHADE-only perpetrators scored significantly higher than non-perpetrators on peer SA and two attitude measures. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The C-SHADE is suitable for measuring prevalence and evaluating interventions in drinking settings. The C-SHADE confirmed high prevalence of SA in drinking settings and identified an important group of C-SHADE-only perpetrators for whom interventions that focus on situational precipitators of SA in drinking settings may be especially useful.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-6008",
doi="10.1111/acer.15087",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.15087"
}