@article{ref1,
title="Application of the TRAP-18 Framework to U.S. and western European lone actor terrorists",
journal="Studies in conflict and terrorism",
year="2023",
author="Brugh, Christine Shahan and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Simons-Rudolph, Joseph",
volume="46",
number="2",
pages="183-208",
abstract="The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility and relevance of the Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol-18 (TRAP-18), an investigative framework to identify those at risk of lone actor terrorism. Using public information, we rated TRAP-18 items for 35 U.S. and 38 European jihadism-inspired lone actors (total N = 77). <br><br>RESULTS reveal challenges completing the TRAP-18 using public information: only four of 18 items (Pathway, Identification, Personal Grievance, Framed by Ideology) were rated present more often than absent or unknown. <br><br>FINDINGS suggest greater relevance of TRAP-18 items to U.S. lone actors, who had a higher average number of items rated present.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1057-610X",
doi="10.1080/1057610X.2020.1758372",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1758372"
}