@article{ref1,
title=""Wake-and-bake" cannabis use: predictors and cannabis-related outcomes of use shortly after waking",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2023",
author="Calhoun, Brian H. and Graupensperger, Scott and Fairlie, Anne M. and Walukevich-Dienst, Katherine and Patrick, Megan E. and Lee, Christine M.",
volume="248",
number="",
pages="e109937-e109937",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Given recent historical increases in young adults frequent cannabis use and changes in cannabis policies throughout the United States, there is a need to examine high-risk patterns of use. This paper examined predictors and cannabis-related outcomes of &quot;wake-and-bake&quot; cannabis use, operationalized as use within 30min of waking. <br><br>METHODS: Participants were 409 young adults (M(age)=21.61 years, 50.8% female) enrolled in a longitudinal study on simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (i.e., using alcohol and cannabis at the same time such that their effects overlap). Eligibility criteria included reporting alcohol use 3+ times and simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use 1+ times in the past month. Participants completed twice-daily surveys for six 14-day bursts across two calendar years. Aims were tested using multilevel models. <br><br>RESULTS: Analyses were limited to cannabis use days (9406 days; 33.3% of all sampled days), and thereby to participants who reported using cannabis (384 participants; 93.9% of the sample). Wake-and-bake use was reported on 11.2% of cannabis use days and at least once by 35.4% of participants who used cannabis. On wake-and-bake use days, participants were high for more hours and had greater odds of driving under the influence of cannabis, but did not experience more negative consequences, relative to non-wake-and-bake cannabis use days. Participants who reported more cannabis use disorder symptoms and those reporting higher average social anxiety motives for cannabis use reported more frequent wake-and-bake use. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Wake-and-bake cannabis use may be a useful marker of high-risk cannabis use, including driving under the influence of cannabis.  Keywords: Cannabis impaired driving <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109937",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109937"
}