@article{ref1,
title="Traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization independently predict changes in problematic internet gaming in a longitudinal sample",
journal="Journal of Adolescent Health",
year="2023",
author="Neumayer, Franziska and Jantzer, Vanessa and Lerch, Stefan and Resch, Franz and Kaess, Michael",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="PURPOSE: Bullying and problematic Internet gaming (PIG) are two concerning phenomena among adolescents. Research suggests an association between them; however, longitudinal studies are scarce. Therefore, this study examined whether traditional and cybervictimization are prospective risk factors for PIG and how gender, school type, and age influence these relationships. <br><br>METHODS: Adolescents (grades 5-13; N = 4,390) answered two surveys one year apart which were linked by individual codes. They were classified as &quot;victims&quot; based on the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire-Revised. Changes in PIG (T2-T1) were computed based on nine items reflecting the diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder. <br><br>RESULTS: Traditional and cybervictimization independently predicted changes in PIG. The emergence of traditional victimization only, cybervictimization only, and particularly, both forms of victimization simultaneously, was associated with an increase in PIG. A decrease in PIG was only found if victimization terminated in both contexts. Further, an additive effect was found if traditional victimization newly extended to cyberspace. For boys and B-level students, the emergence of traditional victimization was associated with a larger increase in PIG than for girls and A-level students, when compared to the absence of traditional victimization. For boys, this also applied for cybervictimization. <br><br>DISCUSSION: The emergence of bullying victimization in either an offline or online context appears to be a risk factor for PIG. Importantly, victimization must be stopped in both contexts for a decrease in PIG. Therefore, prevention programs need to focus on bullying offline as well as online to counter PIG. Efforts should especially focus on boys and B-level students.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1054-139X",
doi="10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.03.013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.03.013"
}