@article{ref1,
title="Men. Male-biased sex ratios and masculinity norms: evidence from Australia's colonial past",
journal="Journal of economic growth (Boston, Mass.)",
year="2023",
author="Baranov, Victoria and De Haas, Ralph and Grosjean, Pauline",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="We document the historical roots and contemporary consequences of masculinity norms-beliefs about the proper conduct of men. We exploit a natural experiment in which convict transportation in the 18th and 19th centuries created a variegated spatial pattern of sex ratios across Australia. We show that in areas with heavily male-biased convict populations, relatively more men volunteered for World War I about a century later. Even at present these areas remain characterized by more violence, higher rates of male suicide and other forms of preventable male mortality, and more male-stereotypical occupational segregation. Moreover, in these historically male-biased areas, more Australians recently voted against same-sex marriage and boys-but not girls-are more likely to be bullied in school. We interpret these results as manifestations of masculinity norms that emerged due to intense local male-male competition. Once established, masculinity norms persisted over time through family socialization as well as peer socialization in schools.   SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1381-4338",
doi="10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x"
}