@article{ref1,
title="Commotio cordis in non-sport-related events: a systematic review",
journal="JACC. Clinical electrophysiology",
year="2023",
author="Lee, Rafael N. and Sampaio Rodrigues, Thalys and Gan, Joscelyn T. and Han, Hui-Chen and Mansour, Rama and Sanders, Prashanthan and Farouque, Omar and Lim, Han S.",
volume="9",
number="8 Pt 1",
pages="1321-1329",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Commotio cordis is an increasingly recognized cause of sudden cardiac death. Although commonly linked with athletes, many events occur in non-sport-related settings. <br><br>OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to characterize and compare non-sport-related vs sport-related commotio cordis. <br><br>METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched for all cases of commotio cordis from inception to January 5, 2022. <br><br>RESULTS: Of 334 commotio cordis cases identified, 121 (36%) occurred in non-sport-related contexts, which included assault (76%), motor vehicle accidents (7%), and daily activities (16%). Projectiles were implicated significantly less in non-sport-related events (5% vs 94%, respectively; P < 0.001). Nonprojectile etiologies in non-sport-related events mostly consisted of impacts with body parts (79%). Both categories affected similar younger aged demographic (P = 0.10). The proportion of female victims was significantly higher in non-sport-related events (13% vs 2%, respectively; P = 0.025). Mortality was significantly higher in non-sport-related events (88% vs 66%, respectively; P < 0.001). In non-sport-related events, rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (27% vs 97%, respectively; P < 0.001) and defibrillation (17% vs 81%, respectively; P < 0.001) were both lower and resuscitation was more commonly delayed beyond 3 min (80% vs 5%, respectively; P < 0.001). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Commotio cordis occurs across a spectrum of non-sport-related settings including assault, motor vehicle accidents, and daily activities. Both categories affected a younger and male-predominant demographic. Mortality is higher in non-sport-related commotio cordis, likely owing to lower rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, defibrillation, automated external defibrillator availability, and extended time to resuscitation. Increased awareness of non-sport-related commotio cordis is essential to develop a means of prevention and mortality reduction, with earlier recognition and prompt resuscitation measures.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2405-500X",
doi="10.1016/j.jacep.2023.01.010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2023.01.010"
}