@article{ref1,
title="California surveillance of mental health disparities in survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI): a randomized & representative sample",
journal="Archives of clinical neuropsychology",
year="2023",
author="Ignacio, Daniel and Degeneffe, Charles and Serpas, Dylan G. and Clay, Kiana and Liu, Yingying and Berges, Victoria and Shinoda, Katie",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a silent public health epidemic that begins as a medical condition (&quot;neurometabolic cascade&quot;) that may develop into significant psychiatric symptoms that negatively impact community reintegration for survivors following injury (&quot;neuropsychosocial cascade&quot;). However, survivors may not seek medical attention for a variety of reasons (e.g., anosognosia, fear of retaliation, no insurance). Therefore, medical incidence does not necessarily reflect the community prevalence of TBI. <br><br>METHOD: The California Department of Rehabilitation, the Department of Public Health, and the State Survey Panel collected data from a randomized and representative sample of Californians (N = 1057) using three probability-based techniques, such that every Californian registered with the United States postal service had a non-zero chance of being selected. Respondents were evaluated using psychometrically established methods for screening history and symptoms of TBI. <br><br>RESULTS: California rates of community prevalence ranged between 15% (estimated 4.2 million Californians) and 42%, depending on the definition of TBI used, highlighting significant disparities in operationalization. These rates were compared to the annual medical rates (< 1%) derived from the California Department of Public Health (2016-2020). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed significantly higher rates of depression, anxiety, and neurocognitive disorders over three decades, on average, relative to the general California population: illustrating a disease process. Neuropsychiatric disparities were associated with dysfunctional community reintegration (e.g., home insecurity, justice system involvements, employment instability).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0887-6177",
doi="10.1093/arclin/acad067.348",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acad067.348"
}