@article{ref1,
title="Investigation of pedestrian speed in formation evacuating in two specific water depths",
journal="Safety science",
year="2024",
author="Li, Xintong and Yu, Hang and Song, Weiguo and Zhang, Jun",
volume="169",
number="",
pages="e106333-e106333",
abstract="The implementation of a well-organized formation for evacuation plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of individuals during flood events. To investigate the effectiveness of formation evacuating, this study conducted experiments under two specific water depths (0.35 m up to the knee and 0.60 m above the knee). The efficiency of two common evacuation methods, namely single-file formation without a rescue rope (referred to as &quot;without rope&quot;) and single-file formation with a rescue rope (referred to as &quot;with rope&quot;), was discussed through questionnaire and trajectory analysis. The findings indicate that the majority of pedestrians (over 60 %) perceive a reduced level of fatigue in single-file formation compared to individual walking (referred to as &quot;individual&quot;) in both 0.35 m and 0.60 m water. Not only was the fatigue level the lowest, but it also exhibited the highest speed growth rate in &quot;with rope&quot;. Specifically, pedestrian speed increased by 11.24 % in 0.60 m water and by 4.85 % in 0.35 m water compared to &quot;individual&quot;. Analysis of pedestrian step characteristics revealed that the increase in pedestrian step frequency was the primary factor contributing to the speed increase in &quot;with rope&quot;. Moreover, the step length and step frequency of pedestrians were effectively harmonized in &quot;with rope&quot;, particularly in 0.60 m water. Considering factors such as fatigue level and evacuation speed, it is evident that single-file formation evacuating with rescue rope significantly improves evacuation efficiency. This study provides fundamental data and offers practical recommendations for the development of effective flood evacuation strategies.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0925-7535",
doi="10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106333",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106333"
}