@article{ref1,
title="The systemic error in the vertical component of handgun bullet trajectory reconstructions",
journal="Journal of forensic sciences",
year="2023",
author="Kerkhoff, Wim and Broekhuis, Frits R. and Mattijssen, Erwin J. A. T. and Riva, Fabiano",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Establishing the path or trajectory of a fired bullet is an often recurring part of shooting incident reconstruction. The current study describes how gravitational pull causes a systemic error on the vertical component of a trajectory reconstruction. Bullet drop, drop angle, and vertical offset are explained and calculated for 10 different handgun/ammunition combinations over a range of distances up to 100 m. The presented results are intended to provide forensic firearm examiners with a reference frame for the magnitude of error introduced on handgun bullet trajectory reconstructions over distance. Threshold values of 20 and 30 m are proposed as conservative distances up to where bullet trajectories can be modeled as straight lines with subsonic/transonic handgun bullets and with supersonic handgun bullets respectively. Both the bullet drop and vertical offset will be below 5 cm at these distances for those categories. The drop angle will be below 0.3°.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-1198",
doi="10.1111/1556-4029.15431",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15431"
}