@article{ref1,
title="Subconcussion revealed by sound processing in the brain",
journal="Exercise sport and movement",
year="2023",
author="Bonacina, Silvia and Otto-Meyer, Rembrandt and Colegrove, Danielle and Cunningham, Jenna and Nicol, Trent and Kraus, Nina and Krizman, Jennifer",
volume="1",
number="3",
pages="1-4",
abstract="INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that an objective measure of auditory processing reveals a history of head trauma that does not meet the clinical definition of concussion. <br><br>METHODS: Division I collegiate student-athletes (n = 709) across 19 sports were divided into groups, based on their sport, using prevailing classifications of &quot;contact&quot; (317 males, 212 females) and &quot;noncontact&quot; (58 males, 122 females). Participants were evaluated using the frequency-following response (FFR) to speech. The amplitude of FFR activity in a frequency band corresponding to the fundamental frequency (F0)-the voice pitch-of the speech stimulus, an outcome reduced in individuals with concussions, was critically examined. <br><br>RESULTS: We found main effects of contact level and sex. The FFR-F0 was smaller in contact athletes than noncontact athletes and larger in females than males. There was a contact by sex interaction, with the FFR-F0 of males in the contact group being smaller than the three other groups. Secondary analyses found a correlation between FFR-F0 and length of participation in contact sports in male athletes. <br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the disruption of sensory processing in the brain can be observed in individuals without a concussion but whose sport features regular physical contact. This evidence identifies sound processing in the brain as an objective marker of subconcussion in athletes.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2831-3461",
doi="10.1249/esm.0000000000000011",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/esm.0000000000000011"
}