@article{ref1,
title="Traffic safety pyramid based on visual navigation distraction: a naturalistic study on app-taxis",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="2024",
author="Zeydi, Samira and Pouyakian, Mostafa and Kamali, Korosh and Arghami, Shirazeh",
volume="2678",
number="1",
pages="321-334",
abstract="Evidence suggests that mobile phone navigation applications (MPNAs) may reduce road traffic safety by causing a visual distraction. This study aimed to (i) identify a list of road safety-related events (RSREs) that could occur while looking at the MPNA, (ii) examine the effect of app-taxFi drivers' glances at MPNA on missing of RSREs, (iii) develop any potential new indicator in road traffic safety, and (iv) develop a pyramid of traffic incidents. This study investigated 36 app-taxi drivers in real road traffic circumstances. Data were collected by video recording using a double-lens camera. The events that occurred while the app-taxi driver was looking at the MPNA were extracted, recorded, and classified. A time span of less than one second and a new indicator, namely &quot;seeing the event BEFORE visual distraction&quot; (seBvd), were examined. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests with a significance level of 0.05 in SPSS 18. A list of 23 events was identified. The most frequent event was &quot;presence of pedestrians across the road&quot; (including crossing the road and beside the road 36%). The number of glances at the MPNA had a significant correlation with time span ≤1 s (p = 0.001, r < 0.6). The total time of looking at the MPNA had a significant correlation with time span >1 s (p = 0.001, r < 0.6). A pyramid of traffic incidents was developed based on the results. The new seBvd indicator is a binary (positive; negative) surrogate safety measure that can be useful in evaluating the effect of visual distraction on road traffic safety. The introduced pyramid of traffic incidents seems useful in traffic safety.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="10.1177/03611981231170631",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981231170631"
}