@article{ref1,
title="Rollover injury: effects of near- and far-seating position, belt use, and number of quarter rolls",
journal="Traffic injury prevention",
year="2007",
author="Parenteau, Chantal S. and Viano, David C. and Edwards, M. L.",
volume="8",
number="4",
pages="382-392",
abstract="Purpose. Vehicle and occupant responses in rollovers are complex since  many factors influence both. This study analyzes the following factors: 1) belt  use, 2) seated position with respect to the lead side in the rollover, 3)  another front occupant in the crash, and 4) number of quarter rolls. The aim was  to improve our understanding of rollover injury mechanisms. Method. Rollover  accidents were analyzed using 1992-2004 NASS-CDS data. The sample included adult  drivers and right-front passengers. All occupants were evaluated and then a  subset of non-ejected occupants was analyzed. Using roll direction and seating  position, the sample was divided into near- and far-seated occupants. Injury and  fatality risks were determined by seatbelt use, occupancy, rollover direction,  and number of quarter rolls. Risk was defined as the number of injured (e.g.,  MAIS 3+) divided by the number of exposed occupants (MAIS 0-6). Significance in  differences was determined. A matched-pair analysis was used to determine the  risk of serious injury for near- and far-seated occupants who were either belted  or unbelted in the same crash. Results. For all occupants, serious injury risks  were highest for far-seated, unbelted occupants at 18.1% +/- 4.8%, followed by  near-seated unbelted occupants at 12.0% +/- 3.5%. However, the difference was  not statistically significant. Belted near- and far-seated occupants had a  similar injury risk of 4.3% +/- 1.2% and 4.0% +/- 1.2%, respectively. For  non-ejected occupants, serious injury risk was 9.5% +/- 3.2% for far-seated  unbelted occupants and 4.9% +/- 2.1% for near-seated unbelted occupants, not a  statistically significant difference. Serious injury risk was similar for belted  near- and far-seated non-ejected occupants, at 3.6% +/- 1.1%. Seatbelts were  64.2%-77.9% effective in preventing serious injury for all occupants and  62.1%-26.5% for far- and near-seated, non-ejected occupants, respectively. Based  on the matched pairs, seatbelts were less effective for near-seated (5.0%)  compared to far-seated (2.8%) occupant MAIS 3+F risks. This was similar for  non-ejected occupants. An unbelted near-seated occupant increased the risk for a  belted far-seated occupant by 2.2 times, whereas an unbelted far-seated occupant  increased the risk for a belted near-seated occupant by 10.2 times. For all  occupants, the risk of serious injury increased with the number of quarter  rolls, irrespective of seated position. For near-seated occupants, seatbelt  effectiveness was higher in &lt;/=1 roll than 1+ roll, at 72.3% compared to  28.3%. For far-seated occupants, seatbelt effectiveness was similar in &lt;/=1  and 1+ roll samples at 78.3% and 76.8%, respectively. Near-seated occupants had  the lowest serious injury risk when they were the sole occupant in the vehicle.  This was also true for non-ejected occupants. However, far-seated occupants had  a lower injury risk when another occupant was involved in the crash.  Conclusions. The effect of carrying another occupant appears to reduce the risk  of serious injury to far-seated occupants. However, near-seated occupants are  better off being the sole occupant in the vehicle. Seatbelt effectiveness was  lowest at 28.3% for non-ejected, near-seated occupants in 1+ rolls. This finding  deserves further evaluation in an effort to improve seatbelt effectiveness in  rollovers. For belted drivers alone in a rollover, fatality risks are 2.24 times  higher for the far- versus near-seated position. Analysis of rollovers by  quarter turns indicates that occupants are both far-side and near-side in  rollovers. The extent to which this confounds the relationship between roll  direction, seating position, and injury risk is unknown.</=1 unknown.<p is risk  injury and position, seating direction, roll between relationship the confounds  this which to extent The rollovers. in near-side far-side both are occupants  that indicates turns quarter by rollovers of Analysis position. near-seated  versus far- for higher times 2.24 risks fatality rollover, a alone drivers  belted For effectiveness seatbelt improve effort an evaluation further deserves  finding This rolls. 1+ non-ejected, 28.3% at lowest was Seatbelt vehicle.  occupant sole being off better However, occupants. far-seated serious reduce  appears another carrying effect Conclusions. crash. involved when lower had  non-ejected true also were they Near-seated respectively. 76.8%, 78.3% samples  =&quot;1&quot; < similar occupants, 28.3%. compared 72.3% roll, than /> <p>Language: en</p></BODY>",
language="en",
issn="1538-9588",
doi="10.1080/15389580701583379",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580701583379"
}