@article{ref1,
title="Axis I comorbidity in bipolar disorder with psychotic features",
journal="British journal of psychiatry",
year="1999",
author="Pini, S. and Dell'Osso, L. and Mastrocinque, C. and Marcacci, G. and Papasogli, A. and Vignoli, S. and Pallanti, S. and Cassano, G.",
volume="175",
number="",
pages="467-471",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Axis I comorbidities are prevalent among patients with severe bipolar disorder but the clinical and psychopathological implications are not clear. AIMS: To investigate characteristics of four groups of patients categorised as follows: substance abuse only (group 1), substance abuse associated with other Axis I disorders (group 2), non-substance-abuse Axis I comorbidity (group 3), no psychiatric comorbidity (group 4). <br><br>METHOD: Consecutive patients with bipolar disorder with psychotic features (n = 125) were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R--patient version, and several psychopathological scales. <br><br>RESULTS: By comparison with group 4, group 1 had a higher risk of having mood-incongruent delusions, group 2 had an earlier age at onset of mood disorder, a more frequent onset with a mixed state and a higher risk of suicide, and group 3 had more severe anxiety and a better awareness of illness. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Substance abuse, non-substance-abuse Axis I comorbidity and their reciprocal association are associated with different characteristics of bipolar disorder.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0007-1250",
doi="10.1192/bjp.175.5.467",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.5.467"
}