@article{ref1,
title="Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1. Standards and perspectives",
journal="Padiatrische praxis",
year="2004",
author="Karges, B. and Wabitsch, M. and Heinze, E.",
volume="65",
number="3",
pages="407-413",
abstract="Incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents increases approximately 3% per year in Germany. The typical symptoms polyuria, polydipsia and repeated measurement of elevated blood glucose > 200 mg/dl lead to the diagnosis. Early treatment is mandatory to prevent ketoacidosis. Dehydratation and hyperglycemia should be slowly normalised within 24 to 48 hours. To achieve the treatment goals of near normal blood glucose, HbA1c < 6.5% and normal serum lipids, special education of the patient and his family concerning nutrition, measurement of blood glucose and adaptation of insulin dose is of central importance. Intensified insulin treatment is used in 86% of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Germany. The quality of metabolic long-term control determines onset of microangiopathy presenting with microalbuminuria or retinopathy. Its progression may be prevented by early therapy. The higher mortality of patients with diabetes is due to complications of ketoacidosis, elevated suicide rate in young adults and increased incidence of ischemic heart diseases. To prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood treatment of hypertension and disorders of lipid metabolism are recommended in children and adolescents.<p /><p>Language: de</p>",
language="de",
issn="0030-9346",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}