@article{ref1,
title="Relationships between mixed features and borderline personality disorder in 2811 patients with major depressive episode",
journal="Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica",
year="2016",
author="Perugi, G. and Angst, J. and Azorin, J.-m. and Bowden, C.L. and Caciagli, A. and Mosolov, S. and Vieta, E. and Young, A.H.",
volume="133",
number="2",
pages="133-143",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The study focused on the relationship between mixed depression and borderline personality disorder (BPD). <br><br>METHOD: The sample comprised 2811 patients with a major depressive episode (MDE). Clinical characteristics were compared in patients with (BPD+) and without (BPD-) comorbid BPD and in BPD+ with (MXS+) and without (MXS-) mixed features according to DSM-5 criteria. <br><br>RESULTS: A total of 187 patients (6.7%) met the criteria for BPD. A DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) was significantly more frequent in patients with BPD+ than in patients with BPD. Patients with BPD+ were significantly younger and reported lower age at onset than BPD- Patients with BPD+ also showed more hypomania/mania in first-degree relatives in comparison with patients with BPD-, as well as more psychiatric comorbidity, mixed features, atypical features, suicide attempts, prior mood episodes and antidepressant-induced hypo/manic switches. Mixed features according to DSM-5 criteria were observed in 52 (27.8%) BPD+. In comparison with MXS-, MXS+ were significantly younger at age of onset and at prior mood episode and had experienced more mood episodes and hypo/manic switches with antidepressant treatments. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Major depressive episode patients with comorbid BPD reported a high prevalence of mixed features and BD. The presence of DSM-5 mixed features in MDE patients with BPD may be associated with complex course and reduced treatment response. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-690X",
doi="10.1111/acps.12457",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12457"
}