@article{ref1,
title="Historical Earthquake Damage to Tunnels in Japan and Case Studies of Railway Tunnels in the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake",
journal="Quarterly report of the railway technical research institute of Japan",
year="2007",
author="Yashiro, K and Kojima, Y and Shimizu, M.",
volume="48",
number="3",
pages="136-141",
abstract="This paper provides a historical outline of the damage that mountain tunnels in Japan have sustained because of earthquakes. Presented as a series of brief case studies, four major earthquakes are described in terms of their location, magnitude, and resulting damage. Results of classifying the damage patterns shows three types: damage to shallow tunnels, damage to tunnels in poor geological condition, and damage to tunnels due to fault slide. A fourth type, involving structural defects in the tunnel lining, is also discussed. The paper concludes with a brief look at countermeasures that are being planned to prevent earthquake damage to tunnels in the future.<p />",
language="",
issn="0033-9008",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}