@article{ref1,
title="Sexual violence among men who have sex with men and two-spirit peoples: A scoping review",
journal="Canadian journal of human sexuality",
year="2020",
author="Dame, J. and Oliffe, J.L. and Hill, N. and Carrier, L. and Evans-Amalu, K.",
volume="29",
number="2",
pages="240-248",
abstract="Sexual violence (SV) is a human rights and public health issue that impacts people from all communities. Men who have sex with men/Two-Spirit (MSM/2S) peoples are up to six times more likely to experience SV compared to heterosexual men. In addition, MSM/2S people are less likely to report SV. Reasons for this lack of reporting include male rape myths, fear of judgment, stigma, shame, homophobia, and/or lack of access to supportive services. The current scoping review offers a synthesis of the recent literature regarding SV among MSM/2S peoples in order to make research, practice, and policy recommendations. <br><br>FINDINGS indicated consistent SV risk factors, associated negative health outcomes, and barriers to accessing services. Risk factors included being younger, inexperience in MSM/2S communities, and having a history of sexual abuse or violence. Negative health outcomes included increased risk for HIV, depression, anxiety, heart disease, fear, eating disorders, substance use, social isolation, PTSD, and suicide. Help-seeking barriers included limited support services, lack of reporting, and male rape myths. Policy recommendations include targeted efforts to raise awareness of SV among MSM/2S peoples, and affirming the legitimacy of reporting SV through specialized healthcare services and trained professionals. © 2020 University of Toronto Press Inc.. All rights reserved.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1188-4517",
doi="10.3138/CJHS.2020-0014",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/CJHS.2020-0014"
}