@article{ref1,
title="The Great Divide: Education, Despair, and Death",
journal="Annual review of economics",
year="2022",
author="Case, A. and Deaton, A.",
volume="14",
number="",
pages="1-21",
abstract="Deaths of despair, morbidity, and emotional distress continue to rise in the United States, largely borne by those without a college degreethe majority of American adultsfor many of whom the economy and society are no longer delivering. Concurrently, all-cause mortality in the United States is diverging by education in a way not seen in other rich countries. We review the rising prevalence of pain, despair, and suicide among those without a bachelor's degree. Pain and despair created a baseline demand for opioids, but the escalation of addiction came from pharma and its political enablers. We examine the politics of despair, or how less-educated people have abandoned and been abandoned by the Democratic Party. Whereas healthier states once voted Republican in presidential elections, now the less-healthy states do. We review deaths during COVID-19, finding that mortality in 2020 maintained or exacerbated existing relative mortality differences between those with and without college degrees. © 2022 Annual Reviews Inc.. All rights reserved.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1941-1383",
doi="10.1146/annurev-economics-051520-015607",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-051520-015607"
}