@article{ref1,
title="Bystander Behavior and Kinesics: The Interaction Between the Helper and Victim",
journal="Environmental psychology and nonverbal behavior",
year="1978",
author="Shotland, R. Lance and Johnson, Michael P.",
volume="2",
number="3",
pages="181-190",
abstract="One hundred eighty subjects participated in a factorial field experiment designed to study the effects of body orientation, eye contact, and sex upon helping behavior in a situation where a male victim fell. An eye-contact X body-orientation interaction and a sex X body-orientation interaction were found. Eye contact raised the rate of help; and women helped more often than men, but only when the victim and subject were approaching each other. A severe fall produced more help than did a mild fall. The cue value of the front side of a person, eye contact acting as a plea for help, and the salience of responsibility norms were discussed. The study was interpreted as indicating the necessity of accounting for the effects of the interaction between bystanders and victims.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-3496",
doi="10.1007/BF01145820",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01145820"
}