@article{ref1,
title="Effects of Facial Expression and Stare Duration on Walking Speed: Two Field Experiments",
journal="Environmental psychology and nonverbal behavior",
year="1977",
author="Elman, Donald and Schulte, Duane C. and Bukoff, Allen",
volume="2",
number="2",
pages="93-99",
abstract="Two field experiments investigated the generality of the stare-escape phenomenon for pedestrians. Experiment 1, conducted at a traffic intersection, failed to replicate a previous finding that being stared at leads to faster walking speed. One hypothesis that could explain this failure is that the relatively short staring times used in Experiment 1 were insufficient for subjects to attribute a threatening meaning to the stare. In Experiment 2, conducted at a library elevator, duration of staring was systematically varied -- either 2 seconds or more than 15 seconds. Consistent with the attribution time hypothesis, subjects increased walking speed after a long stare but decreased it after a short stare. In both experiments a smile coupled with a stare appeared to neutralize the effects of a stare alone.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-3496",
doi="10.1007/BF01145825",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01145825"
}