@article{ref1,
title="Key socio-demographic characteristics of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria: A British Isles surveillance study",
journal="Clinical child psychology and psychiatry",
year="2022",
author="Holt, Victoria and Lynn, Richard M. and Carmichael, Polly and Clarke, Venetia and Masic, Una and Khadr, Sophie",
volume="27",
number="4",
pages="1106-1123",
abstract="The present research used linked surveillance systems (British Paediatric Surveillance Unit; and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Surveillance System) over a 19 month period (1 November 2011-31 May 2013) to notify of young people (4-15.9 years) presenting to secondary care (paediatrics or child and adolescent mental health services) or specialist gender services with features of gender dysphoria (GD). A questionnaire about socio-demographic, mental health, and GD features was completed. Presence of GD was then assessed by experts in the field using then-current criteria (DSM-IV-TR). Incidence across the British Isles was 0.41-12.23 per 100,000. 230 confirmed cases of GD were noted; the majority were white (94%), aged ≥12 years (75.3%), and were assigned female at birth (57.8%). Assigned males presented most commonly in pre-adolescence (63.2%), and assigned females in adolescence (64.7%). Median age-of-onset of experiencing GD was 9.5 years (IQR 5-12); the majority reported long-standing features (2-5 years in 36.1%, ≥5 years in 26.5%). Only 82.5% attended mainstream school. Bullying was reported in 47.4%, previous self-harm in 35.2%, neurodiversity in 16%, and 51.5% had ≥1 mental health condition. These findings suggest GD is rare within this age group but that monitoring wellbeing and ensuring support for co-occurring difficulties is vital.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1359-1045",
doi="10.1177/13591045221108840",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13591045221108840"
}