@article{ref1,
title="Pathognomic versus developmentally appropriate self-focus during adolescence: Theoretical concerns and clinical implication",
journal="Psychotherapy",
year="1994",
author="Penn, M.L. and Witkin, D.J.",
volume="31",
number="2",
pages="368-374",
abstract="Self-focused attention has been associated with a number of psychopathological and distress related conditions-including depression, alcohol abuse, suicide, eating disorders, anxiety, and loneliness. Ironically, however, increased self-focus is also regarded as a normative aspect of adolescent functioning. Elkind for example, has described adolescent egocentrism as developmentally appropriate and a number of empirical investigations have found that among normal adolescent samples, self-focus increases dramatically between pre- and post-stages of adolescent development. Given the widely recognized link between self-focus and psychopathology, as well as the heightened degree of self-focus that characterizes normative adolescent functioning, it is important to distinguish between normative, adaptive self-focus during adolescence and abnormal or pathological self-focus.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-3204",
doi="10.1037/h0090223",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0090223"
}